X-rays shed new light on the regulation of muscle contraction

The team included scientists from Università di Firenze (Italy), King’s College London (UK) and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble (France).

A muscle cell contains two sets of filaments composed of the proteins actin and myosin, respectively. Muscles contract as a result of the relative sliding of these filaments. When the brain sends a nerve signal to activate a muscle, the electrical signal is transmitted to the muscle cell. This sets off a chain of events inside the muscle cell that eventually leads to changes in the structure of the myosin and actin filaments.

But what exactly happens during this process at the molecular level?. “As we need muscles for locomotion, breathing and body posture, and for the contraction of the heart, understanding of these mechanisms has broad significance in biology and medicine”, says Malcolm Irving from King’s College London.

“Studying a single intact and contracting muscle cell at the molecular scale in milliseconds became possible thanks to a new technique called X-ray interferometry based on low angle diffraction. This requires the extremely intense and narrow beam of X-rays provided by the ESRF”, adds Theyencheri Narayanan from the ESRF, a co-author of the paper. 

The experimental setup: X-rays are used to monitor the muscle cell while an electrical stimulation is applied to the muscle fibre.

The results of the experiment reveal the conformation of the head domains of myosin—the molecular motors that drive filament sliding—in resting muscle, and show that the movements of the myosin motors following muscle activation are much slower than the structural changes in the actin filaments. The different timings of the structural changes reveal the signalling pathway between the actin and myosin filaments in muscle, shedding new light on the mechanism of muscle regulation.

“We were observing quite rapid biological processes, in the order of milliseconds, along with minuscule structural changes, typically 10 nm or less. A human hair is ten-thousand times thicker. To integrate the mechanical and X-ray diffraction methods that are required to resolve the combination of these extremes is a real experimental challenge”, explains Vincenzo Lombardi from the Unversity of Florence.

Although the study has no immediate clinical application, its longer-term impact may be in the area of heart disease, in which these fundamental signalling mechanisms are not working optimally in the heart muscle. Existing drugs to treat heart failure by modulating this signalling pathway are far from ideal. “To develop better drugs for heart failure, it’s likely that a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of muscle regulation is needed, and that may be the long-term contribution of our experiments,” concludes Malcolm Irving.

Note to editors: Irving, Narayan and Lombardi are co-authors of the publication. Irving is the corresponding author.

Reference: Massimo Reconditi et al., Motion of myosin head domains during activation and force development in skeletal muscle, PNAS, 11 April 2011.

Movable detector on ESRF beamline ID02 for small-angle scattering studies.

Top image: SAXS images showing the difference between resting and contracted muscle states.