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Antibody rigidity regulates immune activity

13-07-2022

Scientists at the University of Southampton have gained unprecedented new insight into the key properties of an antibody needed to stimulate immune activity to fight off cancer, using the ESRF’s structural biology beamlines, among others.

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The interdisciplinary study, published in Science Immunology, revealed how changing the flexibility of the antibody could stimulate a stronger immune response. The findings have enabled the team to design antibodies to activate important receptors on immune cells to “fire them up” and deliver more powerful anti-cancer effects. The researchers believe their findings could pave the way to improve antibody drugs that target cancer, as well as automimmune diseases.

In the study, the team investigated antibody drugs targeting the receptor CD40 for cancer treatment. Clinical development has been hampered by a lack of understanding of how to stimulate the receptors to the right level. The problem being that if antibodies are too active they can become toxic. Previous research by the same team had shown that a specific type of antibody called IgG2 is uniquely suited as a template for pharmaceutical intervention, since it is more active than other antibody types. However, the reason why it is more active had not been determined. What was known, however, is that the structure between the antibody arms, the so called hinges, changes over time.

This latest research harnesses this property of the hinge and explains how it works: the researchers call this process “disulfide-switching”. In their study, the team analysed the effect of modifying the hinge and used a combination of biological activity assays, structural biology, and computational chemistry to study how disulfide switching alters antibody structure and activity.

Ivo Tews, Associate Professor in Structural Biology at the University of Southampton, explains the methodology:  “Our approach was to analyse the structure of the antibody in atomic detail, using X-ray crystallography at the ESRF and Diamond Light Source. While the resulting picture is very accurate, the information on how they move their ‘arms’ is missing”.

In order to overcome this obstacle, the team joined forces with Mark Tully, scientist at the ESRF, and used small-angle X-ray scattering at beamline BM29. “Using this technique we could show, in solution, the variation of conformational stability of the various hinge region mutants”, he says. Through this detailed study of the hinge, the team revealed that more compact, rigid antibodies are more active than their flexible counterparts.

Professor Mark Cragg, of the Centre for Cancer Immunology at the University of Southampton, explains the repercussions of the findings: “This study has given us new information about how to engineer antibodies to deliver a better immune response. We propose that more rigid antibodies enable the receptors to be bound closer together on the cell surface, promoting receptor clustering and stronger signalling for activity. This means by modifying the hinge we can now generate more or less active antibodies in a more predictable way.”

 “The results could  provide a highly controlled and tractable means of developing antibodies for clinical use in future immunostimulatory antibody drugs”, concludes Tews.

REFERENCE:

Orr, C. M. et al, Science Immunology, 8 July 2022. DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm3723. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciimmunol.abm3723

 

 

Top image: Flexibility of the monoclonal antibody F(ab) arms is conferred by the hinge region disulphide structure. Credits: C. Orr